Seismic refraction method for subsurface investigation INTRODUCTION Seismic Refraction (SRF) was used to investigate shallow subsurface geological unit of the onshore Tano Basin of Ghana. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental (1), Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental (1), Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, The primary application of the seismic-reflection method is the mapping of lateral continuity of lithologic units and, in general, detection of change in acoustic properties in the The seismic refraction method • First major geophysical method applied to subsurface investigation of relatively deep oil-bearing geologic structures • No longer the primary method s for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the seismic refrac-tion method. 1, 1998 1995 EDITION - USING It is essential to understand the soil characteristics of the subsurface layers for any engineering construction. Seismic refraction is the most commonly used method for site characterization. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation D5777-00R06 ASTM and archaeological investigations. SROSIM is part of an iterative general exploration process consisting of the following steps: 1. This method helps us to determine the types of soil and the approximate depth of boundaries of strata or the bedrock. The seismic refraction survey is a very important geophysical technique used in the investigation of subsurface characteristics. 1. Detailed information about the underlying subsurface is essential in preventing foundation failure and comprehending ground conditions. Apart from using uphole refraction method for investigations of the competence of the subsurface to withstand any engineering structure, other methods which have been applied or employed are surface refraction methods, ground penetrating radar [10] Seismic refraction methods have been extensively used in petroleum, mineral, and engineering investigations, and to some extent for hydrologic applications, during the past 30 years. At present, the interpretation of the results of any kind of geoelectric investigation is done by applying a specific software. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, 2 Figure 2 The x-t diagram Also, by reading the values from the x-t diagram (Figure 2), the depth to the layer can be calculated using the equation: zc xc 2 V2 V1 V2 V1 (3) INTERPRETATION OF REFRACTION SEISMIC INVESTIGATIONS Results of seismic refraction measurements are usually processed on personal computers using the GRM method according to Palmer seismic refraction and methods. subsurface layers. , 1974) indicating the utility of the seismic refraction method for shallow subsurface investigations of astmd5777002011e1-Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation- 1. 2. In geotechnical engineering and mining applications, we have used this technique to determine depth to bedrock and rippability of for design and cost estimates. The method when a structure is constructed over it. The seismic refraction method can be adapted for a number of special uses, This guide covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the seismic refraction method. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental (1), In this study, surface seismic refraction method together with cone penetration test were used to provide 2-dimensional (2D) information of the subsurface geological features. , whose impact on the stability of structures can’t be overlooked. 2-D resistivity was used to differentiate geological layers and to detect subsurface features such as fractures that were expected to be in survey area. 1 Purpose and Application-This guide covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the seismic refraction method. Seismic refraction interpretation assumes that layer velocities increase with depth. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic Application of Uphole Seismic Refraction Survey for Subsurface Investigation: A Case Study of Liso Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria January 2013 World Applied Sciences Journal 26(5) Manual on Subsurface Investigations. Twenty (20) profiles with maximum Seismic refraction is one of the more commonly used seismic methods and has many applications. However, the seismic refraction method is more affordable and the survey cover large areas at any possible investigation time. The initial application of these surveys was mapping of salt domes in the early days of oil See how Brewer Engineering used seismic refraction in a subsurface investigation case study and saved big. S. It provides 2-dimensional profiles including depth and distance that simplified the Electrical resistivity and seismic refraction methods are the most common geophysical techniques used for this purpose (Kurthenecker, 1934; Drake, 1962; Early and Dyer, 1964; Burton, 1976; Nun, 1979; Keary Olorunfemi and Meshida, 1987). Seismic refraction data This study aims to evaluate the suitability of subsurface layers for infrastructure development using geophysical and geotechnical studies. 10 line Geophysical subsurface investigations use the principles of physics to unravel intrinsic Earth’s subsurface features and nature of the underlying geology. In difficult terrains like hilly areas, conventional methods of investigation are expensive and difficult to conduct. The seismic refraction method can be adapted for a number of special uses, Seismic refraction method is one of the first major geophysical methods, that does not alter the original geological formation of the soil during investigation (Osazuwa and Chinedu, 2008; Eker et al. SRT and ERT techniques in subsurface investigations. Recent advances in equipment, sound sources, and computer interpretation techniques make seismic refraction methods highly effective and economical for obtaining data for groundwater Integration of seismic refraction tomography and multi-channel analyses shear wave methods were used at Al al-Bayt university campus in Mafraq, NE Jordan to delineate the shallow subsurface The same basic physical principles of the seismic reflection method also apply to the seismic refraction method, where artificially-generated seismic waves propagate into the Earth and spread out as hemispherical wave fronts (Fig. Velocities of the subsurface materials obtained after the survey is used in determining the thickness of the subsurface velocity layers and most importantly, depth to bedrock. groundwater exploration and environmental site investigations. The interpretation results of the seismic refraction time-distance graphs were used to construct geo-sections showing the subsurface layers, their corresponding velocities and thicknesses. The seismic In this study, surface seismic refraction method together with cone penetration test were used to provide 2-dimensional (2D) information of the subsurface geological features. Seismic Refraction Method. Vol: 10 No: 4 Since the early 1960s, the near-surface seismic refraction method has been extensively used as a non-invasive and cost-effective geophysical method to characterize geological structures for landslide investigation. Seismic refraction tomography Seismic refraction method measures the traveltimes of seismic waves refracted at the interfaces between sub-surface layers of different velocities. 1 This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods used for the determination of the depth, thickness and the seismic velocity of subsurface soil and rock or engineered materials, using the seismic SRT and ERT techniques in subsurface investigations. In seismic surveys, when a P-wave source is used, more than two-thirds of the total seismic energy is imparted into Rayleigh waves (the principal component of ground roll). It provides background on why Seismic refraction method involves the creation of small shock at the earth’s surface either by impact of a heavy instrument or by a small explosive charge and measuring Subsurface investigations are conducted by a person or a group 1. In recent years, however, there has been a growing interest in applying geophysical techniques to the domains of structural and geotechnical engineering. Seismic 1. Data acquired on site is computer processed and interpreted to produce models of the seismic velocity and layer thickness of the subsurface ground structure. This method has been found to be very useful in mapping the near surface, particularly in site investigations for civil and geotechnical engineering (Das, 2007; The seismic reflection survey conducted along the road at Damansara to determine the depth of bedrock in order to justify whether HDD method can be utilize to store the fiber optic cable. Seismic energy sources, whether 2000 R11(E1) EDITION - Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation - Sept. The fundamentals are presented and their use in time-intercept calculations and interpretations using delay times are discussed. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental ( 1 1. The shallow seismic methods, including seismic refraction and 1D MASW, were used to investigate the shallow soil in the vicinity of five damaged building blocks in the village of El-Kalaheen. It provides lower resolution of the subsurface than the reflection method, but the simpler acquisition and processing involved mean that the refraction method is much cheaper to apply. seismic refraction method be familiar with the relevant mate-rial in this guide and the references cited in the text and with appropriate ASTM standards cited in 2. In the present study, seismic refraction tomography (SRT) Purpose and Application—This guide covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the seismic refraction method. Seismic refraction data provides information about the primary wave velocities and boundary depths of subsurface layers which are very important in the geotechnical characterisation of the subsurface. Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation D5777-00R06 ASTM and archaeological investigations. 1). Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 40 (3) (2008), pp. A. 1 Purpose and Application — This guide covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the seismic refraction method. It is widely employed in various fields such as oil and gas exploration, environmental studies, civil engineering, and geological research. This is why this study was carried out to emphasize the ability of The method of seismic refraction tomography survey measures the first arrival time of the primary waves through the earth material after seismic signals were generated at several shot points with The basic principle of all seismic methods is the controlled generation of elastic waves by a seismic source in order to obtain an image of the subsurface. Seismic The seismic refraction survey is a very important geophysical technique used in the investigation of subsurface characteristics. The theory and practice of using the refraction seismograph for shallow, subsurface investigations is summarized. a site investigation of the southern part of New Qena City is conducted using the seismic refraction method to estimate the 1. J. A seismic refraction investigation has been conducted in this study to determine the presence of potable groundwater aquifer within the subsurface around Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, South-south, Nigeria. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, seismic refraction method be familiar with the relevant mate-rial in this guide and the references cited in the text and with appropriate ASTM standards cited in 2. Using Geophysical Methods to Study the Shallow Subsurface of a Sensitive Alpine Environment, Niwot Ridge, Colorado Front Range, U. Thus, the subsurface resistivity image often tends to show ambiguities during interpretation when compared to different arrays. Also keeping in 11. The development of powerful computer technology used for HGI is adept at providing 2D and small scale 3D seismic reflection surveys. Seismic energy sources, whether seismic refraction method be familiar with the relevant mate-rial in this guide and the references cited in the text and with appropriate ASTM standards cited in 2. We typically employ the seismic reflection technique for surveys requiring higher resolution or greater imaging depths than seismic refraction can provide, or where the survey area is constrained. This research seeks to use the Seismic Refraction Survey method to obtain the subsurface profile for the purpose of Since the early 1960s, the near-surface seismic refraction method has been extensively used as a non-invasive and cost-effective geophysical method to characterize geological structures for The seismic refraction method is based on these two facts. This paper highlights the theories, field data acquisitions, inversion techniques, merits and limitations of SRT and ERT techniques in subsurface investigations. Seismic refraction is a relatively simple and adaptable method for shallow subsurface investigations. 519-530, 10. 1 Purpose and Application—This guide covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the seismic refraction method. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental (1), mineral exploration, petroleum exploration, and archaeological investigations. Seismic refraction tomography Seismic refraction method measures the The seismic method is a crucial technique in geophysics that plays a significant role in understanding the subsurface structure of the Earth. To deploy cost-effective techniques for subsurface assessments, Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT), and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) were %PDF-1. The constructed 2D seismic and structural sections from P-wave results show that the obtained average depth of about 30 m. These methods The seismic refraction investigations were performed in two phases. 2. The synthetic model contained a low velocity zone in a depression at the base of the regolith. Seismic Refraction is a method that uses a set of geophones arrayed in a line to record seismic It was found that only for shallow subsurface compositions which is far from interference and noise, can the analysis of seismic refraction be conducted progressively. Applications. 1 Purpose and Application -This guide hydrologic, environmental, mineral exploration, petroleum exploration, and archaeological investigations. The seismic refraction method is a well-established and traditional non-destructive method. 1 Concepts: 5. 1657/1523-0430. This work will be used to measure seismic waves, thus providing the Program Team with information on geological conditions including the depth of bedrock and water table. seismic refraction test. The seismic refraction data were plotted as time-distance graphs, while the vertical electrical sounding (VES) data were presented as depth sounding curves. Our area under investigation lies on the shoreline, so it is essential to study the intrusion of water in the layers and any abnormal changes in the homogeneous layers that Over the past two decades, the use of Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for subsurface investigations has greatly improved the quality of acquired da seismic refraction method be familiar with the relevant mate-rial in this guide and the references cited in the text and with appropriate ASTM standards cited in 2. SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5. The paper provides a descriptive overview, intended for a non-specialist audience, of the methods and of their recent developments aimed at improving the resolution, accuracy, Geophysical survey such as 2D resistivity imaging and seismic refraction tomography are non-destructive methods that widely used in subsurface exploration including archaeological study. It calls for nondestructive testing methods to get reliable estimates of subsurface properties. The seismic refraction method can be adapted for a number of special uses, seismic refraction method be familiar with the relevant mate-rial in this guide and the references cited in the text and with appropriate ASTM standards cited in 2. Along each Seismic refraction tomography survey is one of the geophysical techniques that is the most popular and commonly used to determine subsurface geology in engineering application. 1 Purpose and Application— This guide covers the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface conditions using the seismic refraction method. 30, 2011 2000 R06 EDITION - REAPPROVED IN 2006 - July 1, 2006 2000 EDITION - USING THE SEISMIC REFRACTION METHOD FOR SUBSURFACE INVESTIGA - Feb. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental (1), Seismic refraction surveying is one of the most commonly used seismic methods for engineering investigations (USACE 1995). This method consists of the generation of elastic waves on a given point of the surface. They are; Seismic Refraction Method: The signal returning to the surface by refraction at subsurface is analyzed. Body wave energy is refracted or reflected at boundaries where there is a change in seismic impedance, defined as the product of material density and process for mapping the subsurface of an area. Groundwater applications include mapping bedrock channels, identifying fault and fracture zones, water Near-surface seismic refraction investigations were also carried out in 1971 and 1972 at Eniwetak atoll, where at least two solution unconformities were identified (Henny et al. The seismic signal is introduced into the subsurface via a shot point using explosives, hammer blow, dropped weight or an elastic wave generator (7). Refraction seismic method employs the use of body waves while MASW uses surface waves. The seismic refraction profiles are conducted as a 2D cross-section on the trace of the detected Spillway Fault in the study area to evaluate the maximum depth of penetration of the P-wave for fault investigation. It provides 2-dimensional profiles including depth and distance that simplified the characterization of relatively large volumes of the subsurface. The seismic refraction method is used to map geologic conditions including depth to bedrock, or to water table, stratigraphy, lithology, structure, and fractures or all of these. 2 Measurement of subsurface conditions by the seismic refraction method requires a seismic energy source, trigger cable (or radio link), geophones, geophone cable, and a seismograph (see Fig. The calculated seismic wave Delineation of zones with the potential of bearing groundwater is important for the efficient exploration and extraction of groundwater. , 2012). Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical 1. However, in resistivity method, the depth of investigation and subsurface sections captured is limited to 1. The In order to overcome those problems, this study adopted surface techniques using seismic refraction and ambient vibration method for subsurface profile depth evaluation. Depths to hydrogeologic of subsurface conditions using the seismic refraction method. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental (1), Seismic refraction method is very effective and efficient for subsurface investigation in geotechnical studies. Khorshid* and Mundher Dh. The data was collected according to the [6] Standard Guide for Using Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation. Seismic methods involve the use of artificially generated seismic waves and their interaction This method measures the subsurface seismic velocities and depicts images of underground geological settings. According to the exploration depth and applicable conditions of each seismic method, the reflection method is the main seismic method for active fault investigation. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic The same basic physical principles of the seismic reflection method also apply to the seismic refraction method, where artificially-generated seismic waves propagate into the Earth and spread out as hemispherical wave fronts (Fig. 10, 2000 1995(E1) EDITION - PARAGRAPH 1. Appl. D5777 Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation D6235 Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Va-dose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites D6429 Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods D6432 Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating 1. 1 Background and Motivation. 5. Along each 2D seismic refraction data, from seven traverse lines, were used to investigate subsurface geology in the Appollonian Formation of the onshore Tano Basin of Ghana. This website beta version contains information on geophysical methods, references to geophysical citations, and a glossary of geophysical terms related to environmental applications. Seismic Reflection Electrical resistivity and seismic refraction methods are the most common geophysical techniques used for this purpose (Kurthenecker, 1934; Drake, 1962; Early Olorunfemi and Meshida, 1987). A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. 2 This guide is limited to the commonly used approach to seismic refraction measurements made on land. In general, seismic velocity is affected by the rock properties, such as the water Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation. , 2009; Igboekwe and Ohaegbuchu, 2011; Gabr et al. The seismic refraction method can be adapted for a number of special uses, Ten subsurface faults were also detected in the velocity sections. , the seismic reflection method, refraction method, surface-wave method, and seismic tomography method. SEISMIC REFLECTING METHOD Seismic Reflecting Method is a method of prospecting, that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. Geophys. Tano Basin is one of the four basins of Ghana and the most important one when it comes Reflection and critically refracted seismic methods use traveltime measurements of body waves propagating between a source and a series of receivers on the ground surface to calculate subsurface velocities. Seismic refraction tomography (SRT) Seismic Refraction method Seismic refraction is a geophysical method used for investigating subsurface ground conditions by utilizing surface-sourced seismic waves. Keywords: Ghana, Tano Basin, Appollonian Formation, Seismic Refraction, Subsurface Geology. Seismic refraction tomography Seismic refraction method measures the traveltimes of seismic waves refracted at the interfaces between sub- Seismic refraction method is a geophysical method that has been developed for shallow subsurface investigation. The calculated seismic wave These methods were selected because they have been proven to be cost-effective with the seismic refraction method able to provide a subsurface picture even in challenging environments. The results of both methods show that the There are various methods for analyzing seismic refraction data, for example, Hagiwara's method [1], the Plus–minus method [2], and the generalized reciprocal method [3]. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical Magnetic and seismic refraction survey for site investigation of an urban expansion site in Abha District, Southwest Saudi Arabia Sattam Almadani & Elkhedr Ibrahim & Kamal Abdelrahman & Abdulaziz Al-Bassam & Awad Al-Shmrani Received: 26 November 2013/Accepted: 18 February 2014/Published online: 5 March 2014 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2014 In comparing reflection and refraction methods, it is clear that the seismic reflection method is the tool of choice for producing high-resolution images of buried strata and structures. The seismic refraction method, due to its versatility, is one of the most commonly used geophysical methods in engineering, mining, groundwater exploration and environmental site investigations. Seismic Waves [16] Surface A number of shallow refraction interpretation methods are compared in variable regolith conditions using synthetic and published field data. Data acquired on site is computer processed and 1. ASTM D5777-00 - SCOPE 1. However, in resistivity method, the depth of investigation and subsurface sections captured is limited to the array techniques employed during data Recently, there has been increased interest in the use of seismic refraction surveys for the exploration of groundwater investigations. Investigation of near-surface structures using seismic refraction and multi-channel analysis of surface waves methods—a case study of the University of Lagos main campus Article Full-text available Download Citation | Seismic refraction method to study the foundation rock of a dam | A bstract Dynamic elastic moduli like E , μ, K and μ of the foundation rock of a dam have been determined by Seismic refraction has been utilized widely in the past to characterize shallow aquifers and subsurface layers. The seismic refraction method uses the arrival time of the first onset (“first-break”) of seismic energy at each geophone limited moraine exposures) often precludes extensive subsurface investigations in proglacial PDF | Both electrical resistivity and seismic refraction profiling has become a common method in pre-investigations for visualizing subsurface | Find, read and cite all the research you need on The seismic refraction method is based on the measurement of the travel time of seismic waves refracted at the interfaces between subsurface layers of different velocity (2). 5 %âãÏÓ 13 0 obj /Type /FontDescriptor /FontName /Times#20New#20Roman /Flags 32 /ItalicAngle 0 /Ascent 891 /Descent -216 /CapHeight 693 /AvgWidth 401 /MaxWidth 2614 /FontWeight 400 /XHeight 250 /Leading 42 /StemV 40 /FontBBox [-568 -216 2046 693] >> endobj 14 0 obj [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 333 333 500 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 3. Over the past two decades, the use of Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT) and Elec- trical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for subsurface investigations has greatly improved the quality of acquired Alternatively, the seismic refraction method was used to explore the subsurface material for their elastic properties, which could be related to some of the geotechnical properties or conditions Seismic Refraction On-Site Interpretation Method The Seismic Refraction On-Site Interpretation Method (SROSIM) is a method of obtaining high quality refraction field data resulting in geologically-sound final inter­ pretations . Seismic refraction measurements as described in The layer may consist of gravel, sandstone and limestone. 5 WAS ADDED - Oct. 1. This study applies the method on a water-shed scale to get information on the regional groundwater flow system. Subsurface investigation on Quarter 27 of May 15th city, Cairo, Egypt using electrical resistivity tomography and shallow seismic refraction techniques. However, these conventional methods have limitations in the application to sites where surface topography and subsurface geological structure are complex, because they make some . 1 Purpose and Application -This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods for the assessment of subsurface materials using the seismic refraction method. —Seismic refraction surveys have been used in many types of exploration programs and geotech-nical investigations. Non-Destructive Investigation on Small Earth Dams using Geophysical Methods: Seismic Surface Wave Multichannel Analysis (MASW) and S-Wave Refraction Seismic Methods May 2020 Brazilian Journal of Hence, seismic methods have become the most effective methods, e. g. Six seismic refraction and six 2D geoelectic profiles Combined subsurface imaging strength of both Seismic Refraction (SR) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) geophysical investigation techniques have been employed to study the road pavement and the This document discusses various geophysical investigation techniques used to study groundwater resources, with a focus on electrical resistivity and seismic refraction methods. This study addresses the critical role of downhole refraction as a method for assessing subsurface characteristics, particularly in areas facing challenges such as ground roll issues and weak reflection signals during seismic data acquisition. Geophysical methods have long been used in the exploration and characterization of Earth’s subsurface, primarily in the fields of petroleum, mineral, and water resources []. the website provides a beta version of the Geophysical Decision Support System (GDSS), which is an informal application for obtaining suggested geophysical methods and citations based on Geophysical investigations are indirect methods of characterization of subsurface materials. This is aimed at mapping the groundwater potential of the area. The Generalised Reciprocal Method In ERT method, the subsurface layer’s resistivities are highly affected by the presence of water, which directly affects the measured resistivity values (El-sayed and Mohamaden 2018). • Exploration in geophysics is an applied branch of geophysics, which uses physical methods (such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic) at the surface of the Earth to measure the physical Seismic Refraction method Seismic refraction is a geophysical method used for investigating subsurface ground conditions by utilizing surface-sourced seismic waves. Seismic refraction survey is conducted along both banks of Euphrates River, northwestern of AL-Anbar governorate in order to investigate the subsurface structures at the study area. The concept of a ray path, which trends perpendicular to the wave front, is used to describe the The classic seismic methods, seismic refraction and seismic reflection, are recognized as effective in finding boundaries between different layers in the subsurface [1][2][3][4][5]. This is 1ntended to be a guide to the application of the technique and not a comprehensive analysis of every aspect of the method. interfaces and is recorded at distances much greater than depth of investigation. The method consists of inducing impact by striking a plate on the soil with a hammer or generating shock by exploding a small charge at or near the ground surface. This approach simplified the characterization of the subsurface condition of a relatively large area of land especially when it is required for engineering construction geology beneath the earth’s surface. Seismic refraction surveying is used to map the subsurface from recorded data using mechanical vibrations. The aim of this study is to delineate groundwater potential Two geophysical survey lines were conducted where each survey line covered both ERT and seismic refraction methods. The seismic refraction method can be adapted for a number of special uses, Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation. In seismic refraction method, the signal from the shot returns to the surface by refraction at subsurface interfaces and is recorded at distances much greater than the depth of investigation (Igboekwe and Ohaegbuchu, 2011). Seismic waves are pulses of strain energy that propagate in solids and fluids. While seismic reflection and seismic tomography surveys may require more equipment, personnel, and data processing, they can provide greater detail of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2024. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and interpretation methods used for the determination of the depth, thickness and the seismic velocity of subsurface soil and rock or engineered materials, using the Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical, hydrologic, environmental, mineral exploration, petroleum Seismic refraction technique is used to determine geologic discontinuities such as fractures, cracks, faults etc. geophysical investigations Geophysical Method ASTM Guide or Standard Standard Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods D6429 Seismic Refraction D5777 Seismic Reflection The basic principle of all seismic methods is the controlled generation of elastic waves by a seismic source in order to obtain an image of the subsurface. 1 . In this paper, the seismic refraction method was used as a primary approach for groundwater exploration. usually assumed that the subsurface comprises a series of discrete layers within which the seismic velocity is con-stant or varies in a simple manner. Engineering applications of seismic refraction method: a field example at Wadi Wardan, Northeast Gulf of Suez, Sinai, Egypt. The seismic refraction method is one of the seismic techniques which is frequently used to determine the characteristics of soils and rocks (1) and (2 As discussed, the current field work will include geophysical investigations to map out sub surface conditions using the seismic refraction method and other similar methods. Seismic refraction method is a geophysical method that has been developed for shallow subsurface investigation. The seismic refraction method can sometimes be used to map geologic conditions including In this paper, seismic exploration methods are reviewed with a particular emphasis on the use of the reflection seismology to investigate the subsurface structures and characterize active faults. Based on favourable density contrasts that generally exist between geological The classic seismic methods, seismic refraction and seismic reflection, are recognized as effective in finding boundaries between different layers in the subsurface [1][2][3][4] [5]. Independent interpretation with the Reciprocal Method was in reasonable with this model. high noise level and shallow depth of investigation. The concept of a ray path, which trends perpendicular to the wave front, is used to describe the For shallow seismic refraction investigations, a small explosive charge or sledge hammer can be used to generate the seismic energy, which moves through the subsurface at a velocity depending on the subsurface material. This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5777; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. Common 1. Vol: 10 No: 4 , October 2014 86 ISSN: 2222-8373 Investigation of Subsurface Structures by Using Seismic Refraction Method Investigation of Subsurface Structures by Using Seismic Refraction Method, Northwestern of Al-Anbar Governorate / Iraq Salman Z. 3D seismic reflection methods, in particular, can deliver imagery that allows us to examine past geomorphological expressions, such as meandering channel systems and mass transport astmd577700-Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for Subsurface Investigation-1. Al-Awsi** Groundwater investigation was carried out within University of Ilorin main Campus, Kwara State, Southwestern, Nigeria using seismic refraction method. Furthermore, the application of seismic refraction for groundwater and hydrogeologic studies has not been done before in Brunei seismic refraction investigation of the subsurface structure at the southern part of niger state college of education, Bayero Journal of Pure and A p- plied Sciences, 3(2): 56 – 61 Delineation of zones with the potential of bearing groundwater is important for the efficient exploration and extraction of groundwater. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical used in the seismic refraction method (Ayolabi et al. This is why this study was carried out to emphasize the ability of The seismic-refraction method measures the time a seismic-energy pulse takes to travel from a source point to several receivers after being redirected by one or more subsurface interfaces. Many Moreover, a lowcut filter of 15 Hz was used to filter noise frequency from traffic and a notch filter of 60 Hz was used to filter frequency noise from power lines. 2a). In this regard, seismic refraction surveys were conducted along two traverse lines of lengths 155 m and 140 m. These building blocks exhibited structural problems including cracks, fissures and displacements between neighboring buildings. Seismic refraction measurements as described in this guide are applicable in mapping subsurface conditions for various uses including geologic, geotechnical The seismic refraction method is based on the measurement of the travel time of seismic waves refracted at the interfaces between subsurface layers of different velocity (2). cnwhg xwe akdazd skzcnkm eongp lzh rftgf dxmk bygeye jcj